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Introduction
Highways: National Highways are the main highways running through the length and breadth of the Indian union, connecting ports , foreign highways and capitals of states and including roads of strategic and military value. They constitute the frame on the which entire road communication system of the Country is based.
Types of Highways:
1)National Highways: National Highways are the main highways running through the length and breadth of the Indian union
2)State High ways: State High ways are the other maintain trunk are arterial roads of a state, connecting up with national head quarters and important cities within the state.
3)District Roads: District Roads are the roads traversing each district of the serving area of production and markets and connecting this with each other are with national and state highways or railway or important navigational routes.
4)Village Roads: Village Roads are roads connecting villages of groups of villages with each other.
In India in most of the Metro politan cities and in other cities roads are two way lanes by which traffic problems are High.Number of vehicles are increasing day by day, two way lanes are not having space for all the vehicles.Govt. is trying to expand the the two way lanes to four way lanes.
In india vehicle has to travel in left side only.Roads are divided into columns as Twoway lanes and four way lanes.Road dividers divides the Lanes into parts as per the Road
Two way lanes are the roads in which road is divided into two columns . only one heavy vehicle can go in one column of the road. Third heavy vehicle cannot fit properly in the two way lanes.
Fig.No.1.1
Four way lanes are the roads in which road is divided into Four columns. Left side of divider having two columns in which two heavy vehicles can go in same direction same with right side of the divider.only two heavy vehicle can go in one column of the road.
Fig.No.1.2
To reduce the traffic and for the convenience, Govt. is expanding the roads and highways as two way lanes into four way lanes.
For the transportation of vehicles national Highways now expanding as four way lanes.
Extension of Two way lanes to Four way lanes.
The design and construction of the road in embankment and in cuttings shall be carried out in accordance with Section 300 of MORTH Specifications and the requirements, and standards and specifications given in this Section. This Section also covers specifications for subgrade and earthen shoulders.
Efforts should be made to remove the inherent deficiencies in plan and profile of the existing road. The final centre line of the road and the road levels shall be fixed duly considering all the relevant factors covering structural soundness, safety and functional requirements as per relevant IRC Codes and provisions of this Manual.
The existing road embankment shall be widened/ modified to the specified cross-sectional details.
Materials
Materials and Physical Requirements: All materials to be used in works shall be in conformity with the requirements laid
down for relevant item in IRC/MORTH Specifications unless otherwise specified
in this Section. If the Concessionaire proposes to use any material, which is not
covered in IRC/MORTH Specifications, it shall conform to relevant Indian
Standards, if there are any, or to the International Standards. Proprietary products
proposed to be used shall be proven by use in comparable international road and
bridge projects, and shall be supported with authenticated licensing arrangement
with the manufacturer.
The Concessionaire shall identify the proposed sources of materials and submit
the proposal prior to delivery. If it is found that proposed sources of supply do not
produce uniform and satisfactory products at any time during execution, the
Concessionaire shall procure acceptable materials conforming to the specifications
from other sources.
Structural Concrete: The Concrete for use in structures shall conform to the provisions in Clauses 302.6 to 302.9 of IRC:21 and Section 1700 of MORTH Specifications. Wherever High Performance Concrete (HPC) is proposed to be used, the same shall conform to the provisions of IRC:SP:70. Sampling and testing of concrete shall be as per Clause 302.10 of IRC:21.
Acceptance criteria for concrete shall conform to Clause 302.11 of IRC:21.
Cement
Any type of cement specified in IRC:21 may be used for the works subject to limitations,if any, specified therein.
Coarse Aggregates
Before commencement of the works, at least three samples, in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS:2430, shall be taken for each quarry source to ascertain the quality, suitability and fitness of the available material for use in the works. Fresh tests shall be conducted in case there is any change in the source or the type of rock being quarried. The proposal, along with a copy of test reports, shall be submitted
Sand/Fine Aggregates
(i) All fine aggregates shall conform to IS:383 and tests for conformity shall be carried out as per IS:2386 (Part I to VIII). The fineness modulus of fine aggregates shall be between 2.0 and 3.5.
(ii) Before the commencement of the works, at least three samples as per IS:2430 shall be taken for each quarry source to ascertain the quality, suitability and fitness of the available material for use in the works and the proposal along with a copy of test reports shall be submitted to the IE for review and comments, if any.
(iii) Fine aggregates having positive alkali-silica reaction shall not be used.
Water
(i) Water for use in the works for mixing and curing of concrete shall be in conformity with Clause 302.4 of IRC:21.
(ii) Water from each source shall be tested before the start of works and thereafter
every three months and after each monsoon till the completion of the works andthe proposal along with a copy of test reports shall be submitted to the IE for
review and comments, if any.
Chemical Admixtures
The following guidelines shall apply in selection and use of admixtures:
(i) Chemical admixtures shall comply with IS:9103 and meet the requirements
stipulated in clause 5.5 of IS:456.
(ii) Admixtures generating hydrogen or nitrogen or containing nitrates, sulphides, sulphates, or any other material liable to affect the reinforcement/embedments or concrete shall not be used.
(iii) Compatibility of admixture with the cement being used shall be tested before actual use in the works. The test shall be repeated in case of change of type or grade or source of cement.
Steel
Steel for Prestressing
In addition to the requirement mentioned in Clause 1009.2 of MORTH Specifications, the steel for prestressing shall satisfy following conditions:
Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation steel conforming to IS:14268.
(ii) Prestressing steel shall be subjected to acceptance tests in respect of modulus of elasticity, relaxation loss at 1000 hrs, minimum ultimate tensile strength, stressstrain curve etc. prior to actual use on works as per guidelines contained in BS:4447. The modulus of elasticity value, as per acceptance tests, shall conform to the design value, which shall be within a range not more than 5 per cent between the maximum and the minimum.
Bitumen
Bitumen shall be paving bitumen of viscosity grade complying with Indian Standard Specifications for “Paving bitumen” IS:73:2006 of grade appropriate for the traffic and climatic conditions of the Project Highway. The heavily trafficked roads in hot areas may find harder grade bitumen more appropriate while pavements in mountainous regions subject to sub-zero temperatures during winter months carrying relatively lower traffic loads and subject to the phenomenon of “Frost Heave” may find less viscous bitumen resistant to fatigue and cold cracking more appropriate.
The material to be used in sub grade shall satisfy the design California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at the specified density and moisture content.. Taking into account slope stability, bearing capacity, consolidation, settlement and safety considerations based on geotechnical and investigation data. Where the embankment is to be supported on a weak stratum, appropriate remedial/ground improvement measures shall be taken.
Side slopes shall not be steeper than 2H:1V unless soil is retained by suitable soil retaining structures. The side slopes shall be protected against erosion by providing a suitable vegetative cover, kerb channel, chute, stone/cement concrete block pitching or any other suitable protection measures depending on the height of the embankment and susceptibility of soil to erosion. Drainage arrangement shall be provided as per Section 6 of this Manual.
Soil investigations and tests in accordance with the requirements specified in IRC:
SP:19 and shall be reported in the Proforma given in Table 1 of IRC:SP:19. In
addition to this, all tests as per the requirements of MORTH Specifications shall
be reported.
To assess the likely compresive strength of concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) - 1992.The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the
rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the
rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.
Along the alignment of the road, where unstable strata, soft material or poor subsoil conditions have been met with at the foundation level, the soil profile shall be drawn after determining through borings, the type of soil at different levels. The borings shall be at maximum interval of 100 m to a depth of 2 m or more below the existing ground as necessary. In the case of high embankments, the borings shall be taken down to a depth equal to twice the height of the embankment.
(f) Any particular construction problems of the area or other important features.
(g) Geotechnical properties of pond ash, covering parameters specified in Table 1 of IRC: SP: 58 and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) – dry density relationship for heavy compaction. This information shall be furnished, in case pond ash is used in embankment construction.
Designing
GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES
General
(i) This section lays down the standards for geometric design and general features for four-lane divided carriageway.
(ii) (a) In built-up areas, 6-lane divided carriageway along with service roads shall be provided as part of 4-laning of the Project Highway. Such stretches where the requirement of 6-laning is dispensed with and only 4-laning with or
without service road and footpath is to be provided will be as indicated in
Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
(b) Where there is constraint of ROW width, the Authority may specify
construction of a bypass. The alignment of the bypasses shall be as specified
in Schedule-B and in conformity with the site earmarked in Schedule-A of
the Concession Agreement.
(iii) The geometric design of the Project Highway shall conform to the standards set out in this section as a minimum.
(iv) As far as possible, uniformity of design standards shall be maintained throughout the length of the Project Highway. In case of any change, it shall be effected in a gradual manner.
(v) Where the existing road geometrics are deficient with respect to minimum
requirements and its improvements to the prescribed standards is not feasible due to any constraint in acquisition of additional land, such stretches shall be as specified
in Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
(vi) Existing horizontal curves, which are found deficient in radius, layout, transition lengths or super-elevation shall be corrected to the standards specified in this section.
(vii) Any deficiencies in the vertical profile in respect of grades, layout of vertical curves and sight distance shall be corrected to meet the minimum requirements specified in this section.
Pavement Design
The design and construction of new pavement sections, and of strengthening measures(overlay) for the existing pavement shall be carried out in accordance with the criteria,standards and specifications given in this section. Where alternative specifications or materials are proposed to bring in innovation in design etc The design of new pavement sections or strengthening of existing pavements shall take into account all relevant factors for assuring reliable performance and shall also satisfy the specified minimum performance requirements.
The Concessionaire shall undertake the necessary soil, material and pavement
investigations and traffic volume and axle load studies in accordance with the good industry practice for preparing detailed designs.
The materials, mixes and construction practice shall meet the requirements prescribed in the MORTH/IRC Specifications.
Where problematic conditions such as expansive soils, swamps or marshes, flooding,poor drainage, frost susceptible areas etc. are found to exist, adequate measures shall be adopted to deal with such site conditions.
Design Traffic
The design traffic shall be estimated in terms of cumulative number of standard axles(8160 kg) to be carried by the pavement during the design period. Estimate of the initial daily average traffic flow shall be based on at least 7 days, 24 hrclassified traffic counts. IRC: 9 may be used as guidance for carrying out the traffic census. Any likely change in traffic due to proposed four laning of the facility and/or futuredevelopment plans, land use, shall be duly considered in estimating the design traffic.
Traffic growth rate shall be established for each category of commercial vehicles to be considered for design of pavement. For traffic projections, the procedure outlined in IRC: 108 may be followed. The Concessionaire shall adopt a realistic value of the rate of traffic growth, provided that annual rate of growth of commercial vehicles shall not be adopted less than 5 per cent. The design traffic in case of service road shall be five million standard axles. The crust composition shall be provided accordingly.
Paved Shoulders
(i) Paved shoulders shall be provided as specified in this Manual
(ii) If the thickness of the existing paved shoulder, if any, is less than the thickness of
the existing pavement, the paved shoulders shall be reconstructed to the pavement
thickness in the adjoining carriageway.
Construction, Workmanship and Quality of Works
All materials, construction operations, workmanship, surface finish and quality of
completed construction for all pavement works including sub-grade, sub-base, base course,bituminous surface courses for both new pavement and strengthening of existing pavements, shoulders, service roads, etc. shall conform to the specified requirements and comply with the provisions of Section 900 of the MORTH Specifications.
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
General
The design and construction of surface and subsurface drains for highway drainage shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this Section.
For efficient drainage system for the entire Project Highway including structures and facilities, directions contained in Clause 309 of MORTH Specifications, IRC:SP:42 and IRC:SP:50 as relevant shall be followed.
In road sections in cuttings and at underpasses where it may not be possible to drain out the water using gravity flow, necessary arrangement for pumping shall be made.
Detailed survey for levels along the proposed longitudinal drains shall be carried out on both sides of the Project Highway. The bottom levels of these drains shall meet the culverts and bridges.
Road Signs
The three types of road signs viz., mandatory/regulatory signs, cautionary/warning signs and informatory signs shall be provided as given in IRC:67 and section 802 of MORTH Specifications. Proper signs shall be provided for left in and left out at service roads for safe guidance of traffic. Clustering and proliferation of road signs shall be avoided for enhancing their effectiveness.
The material and specifications for Road Signs shall be governed by the Specifications for Road and Bridge Works issued by the MORTH.
There shall be corresponding road markings with stop signs, give way signs, merging or diverging traffic signs, lane closed signs, road narrowing signs, slip roads/diversion signs, compulsory keep left/right signs, or any other signs as per IRC:67.
Wherever the Project Highway alignment is on a curve, there shall be advance cautionary signs for sharp curves (depending on whether it is on left or right) and chevron signs (rectangular in shape with traffic yellow background and black arrow) at the outer edge of the curve. The sign for the curve ahead particularly in mountainous and steep terrain shall always be accompanied with chevron signs at the outer edge of the curve and appropriate delineation.
Road Markings
All road markings shall conform to IRC:35. Road markings shall comprise of carriageway markings, markings on intersections, hazardous locations, parking areas, etc. Where service roads are provided, proper layout and road markings shall be ensured so that merging with traffic is safe. The markings shall be done by means of a self propelled machine which has a satisfactory cut-off value capable of applying broken line automatically.
Road construction
Road Side and Median Safety Barriers
There are two types of safety barriers viz., roadside safety barriers, and median safety
barriers.
Road Side Safety Barriers
(i) Warrants: The longitudinal roadside barriers are basically meant to shield two
types of roadside hazards i.e. embankments and roadside obstacles and also for
preventing the vehicles veering off the sharp curves. The warrants for a fill section
in terms of the height and slope needing protection with roadside barriers are
shown in Fig.9.1. The barrier is not warranted for embankment having a fill slope
of 3 H:1 V or flatter. The warrants for roadside objects are mainly dependent upon
the type of obstacle and the probability of their being hit. A barrier shall be installed
only if the result of vehicle striking the barrier is likely to be less severe than the
severity of accident resulting from the vehicle impacting the unshielded obstacle.
Some of the commonly encountered roadside obstacles are bridge piers, abutments
and railing ends, roadside rock mass, culverts, pipes and headwalls cut slopes,
retaining walls, lighting supports, traffic signs and signal supports, trees and utility
poles.
(ii) Types of Roadside Safety Barriers : There are three types of longitudinal roadside
safety barriers viz:
(a) Flexible type (like wire rope fencing)
(b) Semi-rigid type like
_ “W’’ beam type steel barrier
_ Thrie beam type steel barrier
Road Boundary Stones (RBS)
Road boundary stones shall be provided at the boundary on both sides of the Right of
Way. These shall be spaced at 200 m. The boundary stones shall be of cement concrete as
per Type Design given in IRC:25. The boundary stones shall be painted with cement
primer and enamel paint and marked ‘RBS’ by paint.
Kilometre and Hectometre Stones
(i) The kilometre stones shall be provided at each kilometre on both sides of the
Project Highway. The design and specification of kilometre stones shall conform
to IRC:8. The matter to be written on various kilometre stones and the pattern
thereof shall be as specified in IRC:8.
(ii) Hectometre (200 m) Stones shall be provided at every 200 m distance on both
sides of the Project Highway. The design and specification of 200 m stones shall
conform to IRC:26. The matter to be written on the 200 m stones shall be as
specified in IRC:26.
Pedestrian Railings /Guard Rails
Pedestrian Guardrails of iron/ steel sections shall be provided as per IRC:103. The iron/ steel guard rails shall be finished with epoxy primer and two coats of synthetic enamel paint after sand blasting (appropriate corrosion protection layer shall be provided in corrosive environment). In case iron/steel sections are not suitable in corrosive environment even after providing corrosion protection layer, concrete guard rails as per IRC:103 shall be provided in those sections.
TOLL PLAZAS
The Concessionaire shall provide the Toll Plazas at the locations specified in Schedule-C for collection of toll/fee as per the Concession Agreement. The fee collection system shall be speedy, efficient and user friendly. The design of the Toll Plazas should be such that they are aesthetically pleasing and efficient and the fee collection staff should be quick, courteous and adequately trained before deployment.
Location of Toll Plaza
The location of toll plaza shall be indicated in Schedule-C of the Concession Agreement.Their locations shall be decided keeping in view the following factors:
(i) Land availability
(ii) Stream of traffic on Toll Plaza
(iii) Visibility for the approaching traffic
(iv) Reasonably away from road intersections and/or rail crossings
(v) Free from risk of flooding and submergence, etc.
(vi) Preferably on flat land and away from congested urban locations.
Pedestrian Facilities
General
Pedestrians are vulnerable to being involved in accidents. Therefore, adequate
consideration shall be given to their safety through provision of facilities. The facilities
for pedestrians given in this Section shall be provided on the Project Highway.
Footpaths (Sidewalks)
(i) The sidewalks shall be provided in the built-up sections, on both sides, by barrier
type (non-mountable) kerbs of height 200 mm above the adjacent road surface.
(ii) The width of sidewalks depends upon the expected pedestrian flow and shall be
fixed subject to land availability, but shall not be less than 1.5 m.
Pedestrian Guard Rails
Pedestrian guardrails shall be provided as specified in Section 9 of this Manual.
Pedestrian Guard Rails
Pedestrian guardrails shall be provided as specified in Section 9 of this Manual.
Pedestrian Crossings
Pedestrian crossings shall be provided where they will be well used. Pedestrian crossings
shall be suitably integrated with the overall design of the intersection.
The following criteria shall be followed regarding selection of pedestrian crossings:
(i) At-Grade Pedestrian Crossing (Pedestrian Crosswalk): Pedestrian crosswalks shall
be provided at all important intersections and such other locations where substantial
conflict exists between vehicular and pedestrian movements.
Street Lighting
General
(i) The Concessionaire shall provide lighting at locations of the Project Highway
specified in Schedule-B, using appropriate system and source of electric power as
per the requirements of this Section.
(ii) The Concessionaire shall make suitable arrangements for procuring power supply
to ensure uninterrupted lighting during night and when visibility is low, including
provision of DG sets as standby arrangements.
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